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Author - Virarajendra
Tamils of Tamil Nadu should unite as "Tamilians" - and not under their "Caste Names" in their - Social life and or in their Political life
Who is a Tamilian ???
A "Tamilian" is an individual (male or female) who's Mother Tongue or first Tongue - is Tamil Language and follows the rich Tamil Culture by birth or by choice, and traditionally practicing same or having great affinity towards Tamil Language and many rich traditions of Tamil Culture, from the time of his birth inherited from the Tamil Parents (Native Tamil) or adopted 'whole heartedly' during some part of his lifetime from 'shear love' for Tamil - Language and Culture, shedding away his original 'mother tongue' and 'culture', and always - proudly "speaks the Tamil Language", and "practises the Tamil Culture" - both "at Home" and "in Public" in his "daily life" and identifies himself honestly and very proudly as a complete "Tamilian".
Historically the Tamilians lived in the five regions of Ancient Tamil Nadu which were the Chola Nadu, Paandiya Nadu, Thondai Nadu, Kongu Nadu, Chera Nadu and Aye Nadu (also known as Venadu) - all encompassed within a landmass having as its boundaries the Venkadam Hills in the North Kanyakumari region in the South, and the great Sea as it's Western and Eastern boundaries (which included present Kerala state - the former Tamil - Chera Nadu and Ayenadu, and the Chitoor district of the present Andhra Pradesh), speaking Tamil Language and following the Tamil Culture which developed over "three millenium" in Tamil Nadu.
Around 650 B.C. the great Tamil Grammetical work "Tholkaappiam" states that the northern and southern boundries of then Tamil Nadu were "vada Venkadam then Kumari aayidai Thamil koorum nalulakam (the great region where Tamil was spoken in between northern Venkadam [hills] and southern Kanyakumari [sea])". Further in the epilogue (nootkatturai) of "Silappathikaaram" it is stated the boundaries of then Thamilakam was "Kumari, Venkadam, Kuna (east) Kuda (west) kadalal (sea) mandini marungit than Thamil varaippu". The "Sangam period Poetess "Kaakkai Paadiniyaar" has referred to same as "Vadakkum, Thetkkum Kudakkum Kunakkum - Venkatam, Kumari theempunal Pauvam entru an naan kellai".
The term "Dravidians" was "never" the traditional name used by the other Races of India to refer to the "Tamilians" of Tamil Nadu from 'ancient times'. In the vast array of Ancient and Medieval Tamil Literary Works of Tamil Nadu, in the numerous Tamil Temple Inscriptions in Tamil Nadu and in the neighbouring States, and in the numerous Tamil Copper Plates on Grants made to Saivite & Vainavite Temples (Thirukkoyilkal) of Tamil Nadu - no where have the Tamilians ever been referred to as "Dravidians".
The first reference to the term "Dravidian" is found in the original Sanskrit Epic Mahaabharatha of Sage/Poet Viyasa (B.C.450), that too as a reference to one single race of South India by the North Indians, "other than" the Tamils Race - under the dynasties the Chera (Kerala), Cholas and Paandiyas.
Evidences
"Sanjaya said listen to me O king (Thiratharastra).......to the names of the provinces as I mention them. They are.......the Keralas......the Andhras.......There are other kingdoms O bull of Bharatha's race, in the south. They are the Dravidas, the Keralas (repeated again)......the Karanatakas.....the Cholas......"
Mahaabharatha - Bhishma Parva, Section 12
".......and even Krishna himself.......addressing Yudhishthira said That prosperity which the sons of Pritha had acquired at Indraprastha and which unobtainable by other kings was beheld by me at the Rajasuya sacrifice at which besides I saw all kings even those of the Vangas and Angas and Paundras and Odras and and Cholas and Dravidas and Andhakas and the chiefs of many islands and countries on the sea-board as also of frontier states including the rulers of the Sinhalas, the barbarous Mlecchas, the natives of Lanka, and all the kings of the west by hundreds, and all the chiefs of the sea-coast, and the kings of the Pahlavas and the Daradas and the various tribes of the Kiratas and Yavanas and Sakras and the Harahunas and Chinas ........"
Mahaabharatha - by Viyaasa, Vanaparva, Section 110
".......When that host was being thus struck and slain by heroic warriors, the Parthas headed by Vrikodara advance against us. They consisted of Dhrishtayumna and Sikhandin and the five sons of Draupadi and the Prabhadrakes, and Satyaki, 'and Chekitana with the Dravida forces', and the Pandyas, the Cholas, and the Keralas, surrounded by a mighty array, all possessed of broad chests, long arms, tall statures an large eyes. Decked with ornaments, possessed of red teeth, endued with the prowess of infuriate elephants, attired in robes of diverse colours, smeared with powere scents, armed with swords and nooses, capable of restraining mighty elephants, companions in death, and never eserting one other, equipped with quivers, bearing bows adorne with long locks, an agreeable in speech were the combatants of the infantry files led by 'Satyaki belonging to Andhra tribe', retinue with fierce forms and great energy. Other brave warriors such as the Chedis, the Panchalas, the Kaikayas, the Karushas, the Kosalas, the Kanchis, and the Maghadhas also rushed forward........"
Mahaabharatha - by Viyaasa, Karna Paarva, Section 12
"......and the son of Pandu left that part of the country having subjugated the Dasarnas, the Sivis, the Trigartas, the Amvashtas, the Malavas, the five tribes of the Karnatas, and those twice born classes that were called the Madhyamakeyas and Vattadhanas. And making circuitous journey that bull among men then conquered the (Mlechcha) tribes called the Utsava-sanketas. And the illustrious hero soon brought under subjection......"
Mahaabharatha - Sabha Parva, Section 31
Further the renowned Kannada Historian "Shamba Joshi" traces the Kannada Race to the earliest Vedic Race called "Kanna". He further states the "Kalavar Race" (Kalabhras of South Karnataka) as the "Moola Dravida" and "Kanna" as "Arya Dravida". Hence from the foregoing it is very clear that the "Dravidas" mentioned in the Mahaabharatha were no other than the "Kalavar Race", and the "Karnatakas" mentioned in the same Mahaabharatha were the "actual Karnatakas" or "Kannas" who lived in a region south of then Malava (country) present South Maharashtra, though both the north and south regions presently falls into the present Karnataka State. Hence it is clearly evident "Dravidian" was "never" a name used to designate the "then Tamilians of the Chera, Chola, Paandiya, Kongu & Thondai(mandala) countries" - the regions which covered the present Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
However in the eighteenth century "Robert Caldwell" from the west who did Research Studies in Tamil Nadu in Linguistic Studies used "on his own will" the term "Dravidians" to refer to "all South Indian Lingustic Groups" of South India, namely Tamil, Malayaalam, Telungu, Kannadam and Tulu - but 'not as a single term to refer to the "Tamilians" - the majority community of Tamil Nadu'. Hence all 'Historians' of Tamil Nadu, the 'Media', and the 'Politicians' should "refrain from referring" to the TAMILIANS of Tamil Nadu as 'DRAVIDIANS' - but refer only as "TAMILIANS of Tamil Nadu (the Mannin Mainthar)". It is very regretable to note since of late some group in Tamil Nadu, have begun referring to the "Tamil Thai Pongal Festival" as 'Dravidar Thirunaal' - instead of the traditional term that existed as "Thamilar Thirunaal" completely "misleading" and "confusing" all Tamilians of Tamil Nadu with their "false proclamation" - What are their motives ??? Is it to suppress and destroy the Tamil - Language & Culture, and the "Tamilian Identity" of the Tamils of Tamil Nadu ??? - which has been "their own motherland" over three thousand years where they are still the majority being 89.43% of the State's Population as per the Census Statistics of India of 2001
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Statistics of Ethinic Groups in Tamil Nadu :
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/c...ow/2952062.cms
http://legacy.joshuaproject.net/sout....php?rog4=IN25
http://joshuaproject.net/states_districts/IN/IN25
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census...Statement3.htm
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This issue has been already "well realised" by the great "Tamil Puratchi Kavignar Barathidasan" of Tamil Nadu of last century. The following Video plays the 'song' composed by him - expressing his strong views in this connection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv_D...er_detailpage= Courtesy: Thamilanendru Solluvoam - composed by Puratchi Kavignar Barathidasan - INRECO - YouTube
The Caste System among Tamilians of Tamil Nadu
The Caste System among the Tamilians in Tamil Nadu "too" should perish completely, and the people of Tamil Nadu should identify themselves under one banner as "Tamilians". The Tamils of Tamil Nadu must identify themselves as "Indians" outside India and be very faithfull to India, and must identify themselves as "Tamilians" within India and be very faithfull to Tamil Nadu, and not to identify themselves by their "Caste Names" within Tamil Nadu, in their Social Life or both in their Social and Political Life.
The Caste System was never created by God. It was created by the Religions of India, and by some power seeking individuals of the days gone by - for holding a superior position among a group of people in the Tamil Society. The Caste System is the 'greatest curse' that has befallen on Tamil Nadu - which was created by man, and hence he himself could destroy same for better future of his Society. Even in the present days the Great Scientists of the World with their sophisticated Medical Technology & Instruments, cannot prove that the (so called) High Caste Tamils have superior Body - Cell Structure, Blood Components and Genome, than the (so called) Low Caste Tamils, among the many different 'Castes of Tamilians' of Tamil Nadu (as listed below).
It is "very very unfortunate" that Tamil Nadu has "so many" Castes evolved over years among it's Tamil and other population within the region. The "agony of the whole issue is" even among the 'Principal Castes' of Tamil Nadu, there are very many 'Sub-Castes' that exists today. This reflects the 'Social - Immaturity and Under development' of a major section of Tamilians of 'present day' Tamil Nadu.
In this third millennium with high Technological Developments and "rapid Social Developments throughout the World", when a section of the Tamil People of Tamil Nadu "still holds tightly" on to their (so called) Caste System which has come through traditionally, it only indicates 'how much of 'Less educated and Narrow minded Tamils' are there within that part of the Tamil - Society or Caste - who have to be "properly re-educated and reformed" in "their way of thinking" to fit into this "third millenium".
Presently we see many Castes "among the Native Tamils" such as Muthaliyaar, Naadaar (Naadaalvaar), Thevar, Theventhrakula Vellalar, Vanniyar, Gounder (Kaamundar), Vellaalar, Udaiyar, Chettiyaar, Muththaraiyar, Mukullaththor, Iyengaar, Iyer, Pillaimaar, Kallar, Maravar, Konaar, Aathi Thiravidar etc etc, etc, and the Dalits as Parayar, Pallar, etc etc etc in Tamil Nadu, with each Caste havng formed their own "Caste (Saathi) Munnettra Sangams"
Why not these "Caste based Munnettra Sangams" be changed into "Thamilar Munnettra Sangams" of the respective regions of Tamil Nadu, namely as Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Erodu (Kongu Nadu region), Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Dharmapuri, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Kanchipuram (Thondai Nadu region), Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Puthukkoattai, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Coiambatore, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Mathurai, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Thanjavur, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Ramanathapuram, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Thirunelveli, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Kanyakumari, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Thirutchiraappalli, Thamilar Munnettra Sangam of Salem, etc etc etc "thus forging much unity among all Tamilians of Tamil Nadu".
The entire Tamil Nadu State belongs equally to all the above 'Castes' (Tamilians) irrespective of their geographic distribution and numerical concentration within Tamil Nadu, - and at any future date any possible attempts to bifurcate the present 'Tamil Nadu State' into "independent seperate Small States on the basis of Castes", should be thwarted by all Tamils of Tamil Nadu collectively and vehementally - thus maintaining the unity of all Districts and the integrity of the Tamil Nadu State.
The "Tribes" among Tamil Race denotes to various "groups" of people of Tamil Nadu with each practicing any "same type of profession or vocation" for their lifehood. The Vanniyar Tribe were the Warriors who went to war to attack or defend the enemies, on behalf of the respective kings whom they were serving. Similerly the Vellaalar Tribe were the Farmers who did Agriculture to produce Rice and other Cereals for food for the community. The Vanikar Tribe (Chettiyaars) were the Traders who traded on all commodities within their countries and overseas. Likewise were the other Tribes who bore the respective Tribal names related to their professions or vocations that were practiced by them in the early days. It is these Tribal names over period of years became to be known as the present day "Caste names". It so happened the Tribes which made more money and "lead a high standard of living" were considered as the High Caste, and the Tribes that earned less money and "lead an average or low standard of living" were considered as Low Caste.
Also it should be noted that if a so called Caste "A" say concentrated in Mathurai (as an example) are being favoured by whichever Government in Power, and a so called Caste "B" concentrated in Thanjavur are being neglected by this same Government, then the Caste "B" can fight for their recognition, development, and Job opportunities accusing the Government claiming that "Tamils of Thanjavur" are being neglected while the "Tamils of Mathurai" being favoured, and should not at any time say that the Caste "B" of Thanjavur being neglected while Caste "A" of Mathurai are being favoured.
The Tamilians of Tamil Nadu and elsewhere, should always recognise themselves as "Tamilians of a particular region" and not by their "Caste Names".
However the fact remains - "All the Tribes of yesteryear and all the present day Castes" are none other than one and the same - "Tamilians" of Tamil Nadu, and any one of these Tribes or Castes are not superior to the other as "Human Beings", but only in their Educational and Financial statuses - which decides their Social Status - with Decent, Respectable and better Standard of Living. Unity should always prevail among all Tamilians of Tamil Nadu "irrespective of their Tribes or Castes".
Further the native Tamils have always greeted warmly, the people of different Races of India coming-forth into Tamil Nadu from the other parts of India from the historical period. They have lived in peace and amity and in unity with the Native Tamilians of Tamil Nadu, but have dominated them in many fields in their every day life in Tamil Nadu which is a very distressing situation to note, and remedial measures should be undertaken to ensure the Native Tamils get their 'major' share in all fields in their 'own motherland' being the "majority" community of Tamil Nadu.
However many of other Races who have settled in Tamil Nadu while living peacefully with the Native Tamils 'over a period of time' have become "Tamilised" and took it as a great pride in identifying themselves as "Tamils", irrespective of their original linguistic and cultural background.
Thamil Naattin anaiththu Saathiyinarum - "Thamilar entru ontru pattaal" "mikavum valamaana, sirappaana, valimai mihuntha, ethirkaalam undu Thamil Naattitku". "Saathikal entru thamakkul avarkal veru pattaal" "mikavum kedaana perum alivu undu 'athey' Thamil Naattitku"
The foremost among the four great Tamil Saiva Saints of Tamil Nadu the Thirunaavukkarasu Naayanaar of the 'Sixth Century' A.D. refutes at Kulam & Koaththiram that existed during his period:
"Saaththiram pala pesum Salakkarkaal
Koaththiramum Kulamum (Saathi = Caste) kondu en seiveer...."
Fifth Thirumurai - Tamil Saiva Saint Thirunaavukkarasu Naayanaar, Thirumaatperu Pathikam, verse 3
In respect of the Caste conciousness among Tamils, the Great Tamil Kavignar of Tamil Nadu of last decade namely the Puratchik Kavignar Bharathithasan states 'the growing Caste madness should be destoyed'.
"Senth-thamilai valamaakka uthavendum
thee Inthith thinippai ini maattra vendum
munthave 'kattaayak kalvi vendum'
muttrivarum Saathi-veri oliya vendum......"
Kuyil Magazine of 15-7-63 by Puratchik Kavignar Bharathithaasan
Another great Tamil Kavignar of Tamil Nadu of the last decade, namely the Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyaar's has advised the upcomming new generation of Tamils as:
"Saathikal illaiyadi Paappaa
Kula thaalchchi uyarchchi sollal paavam
neethi, uyarntha-mathi, kalvi, anbu,
niraiya udaiyavarkal Meloar"
Maha Kavi Subramaniya Bharathiyaar, Paapaa Paattu
The Tamil Poetess Avvaiyaar defines the Caste System as - "those who help the 'havenots' are of the superior Caste, and those who donot help the 'havenots' are of the inferior Caste".
"Saathi irandu oliya veru illai saattrum kaal
neethi valuvaa neri muraiyin - methiniyil
Ittaar Periyoar Idaathaar Ily Kulaththoar
pattangil ulla padi"
Nalvali - by Tamil Poetess Avvaiyaar
(a song by Maha Kavi Subramaniya Bharathiyaar)
வந்தே மாதரம்
வந்தே மாதரம் என்போம் - எங்கள்
மாநிலத் தாயை வணங்குதும் என்போம். (வந்தே)
ஜாதி மதங்களைப் பாரோம் - உயர்
ஜன்மம் இத் தேசத்தில் எய்தின ராயின்
வேதிய ராயினும் ஒன்றே - அன்றி
வேறு குலத்தின ராயினும் ஒன்றே (வந்தே)
ஈனப் பறையர்க ளேனும் அவர்
எம்முடன் வாழ்ந்திங் கிருப்பவர் அன்றோ?
.....ஓர்.....தாயின் வயிற்றில் பிறந்தோர் - தம்முள்
சண்டைசெய் தாலும் சகோதரர் அன்றோ? (வந்தே)
ஒன்று பட்டால் உண்டு வாழ்வே - நம்மில்
ஒற்றுமை நீங்கில் அனைவர்க்கும் தாழ்வே
நன்றிது தேர்ந்திடல் வேண்டும் - இந்த
ஞானம் வந்தாற்பின் நமக்கெது வேண்டும்? (வந்தே)
https://youtu.be/gUGSlaJKeU4 A very beautiful rendering of the song "Vande Matharam" of Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar, by renowned Tamil Singer "Nithyasiri Mahadevan" in the traditional 'Tamil Classical Format'
The Tamilians of Tamil Nadu should never disintegrate in their 'unity' - on the basis of their "Caste and Religion", but learn to live in 'peace' and 'amity' and be very patriotic towards their region the "Sen Thamil Nadu", and India.
https://youtu.be/GOoI4zNEOmI
https://youtu.be/Gj-zN2eQsxU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMGae...layer_embedded (a song by Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyaar)
(Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyaar refutes at Caste Disputes among the people of Tamil Nadu as follows)
(A portion of the above Video song on same in the Text Format is as follows)
"சாதிப் பிரிவுகள் சொல்லி - அதில்
தாழ்வென்றும் மேலென்றும் கொள்வார்.
நீதிப் பிரிவுகள் செய்வார் - அங்கு
நித்தமும் சண்டைகள் செய்வார்.
சாதிக் கொடுமைகள் வேண்டாம்; - அன்பு
தன்னில் செழித்திடும் வையம்;
ஆதர வுற்றிங்கு வாழ்வோம்"
(Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyaar "also" refutes at Religious Disputes among the people of Tamil Nadu as follows)
"தெய்வம் பலபல சொல்லிப் - பகைத்
தீயை வளர்ப்பவர் மூடர்;
உய்வ தனைத்திலும் ஒன்றாய் - எங்கும்
ஓர்பொருளானது தெய்வம்.
தீயினைக் கும்பிடும் பார்ப்பார், - நித்தம்
திக்கை வணங்கும் துருக்கர்,
கோவிற் சிலுவையின் முன்னே - நின்று
கும்பிடும் யேசு மதத்தார்.
யாரும் பணிந்திடும் தெய்வம் - பொருள்
யாவினும் நின்றிடும் தெய்வம்,
பாருக்குள்ளே தெய்வம் ஒன்று; - இதில்
பற்பல சண்டைகள் வேண்டாம்"
The Videos following Videos too pin-points that the weakness of the Tamils and the Indians as a whole, is their wasting of time on Caste & Religious disputes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thwpt...yer_detailpage
"Saathi ennum kodumai intha Naatai entru vidumo" Courtesy: Famed Tamil Music Director "Ilayaraja" of Tamil Nadu http://thiraitamilpaadal.com/index.p...n=song&id=4462 (Press on the foregoing URL and listen to this song at a 'slightly" higer volume)
"Saathi ennada Saathi" Courtesy: Famed Tamil Music Director "Ilayaraja" of Tamil Nadu
https://youtu.be/1mNNLULI7oo
Also view the Video on "Abolition of Caste System" - in the Tamil Movie Mudhalvan with Actor Arjun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGhq...yer_detailpage Please note after viewing each of the above Video one "Abolition of Caste System" in the YouTube Web Site, cancel it off before the next linked Video starts as they are other Videos "not relevent to this Thread"
{use Stereo - Headphones or Speakers}
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da7_...layer_embedded (a song by Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyaar)
செந்தமிழ் நாடு (and not "Dravida Nadu" of Dravidians - but "Thamil Nadu" of Tamilians over "three thousand years")
செந்தமிழ் நாடெனும் போதினிலே - இன்பத்
தேன் வந்து பாயுது காதினிலே - எங்கள்
தந்தையர் நாடென்ற பேச்சினிலே - ஒரு
சக்தி பிறக்குது மூச்சினிலே (செந்தமிழ்)
வேதம் நிறைந்த தமிழ்நாடு - உயர்
வீரம் செறிந்த தமிழ்நாடு - நல்ல
காதல் புரியும் அரம்பையர் போல் - இளங்
கன்னியர் சூழ்ந்த தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
காவிரி தென்பெண்ணை பாலாறு - தமிழ்
கண்டதோர் வையை பொருனை நதி - என
மேவிய யாறு பலவோடத் - திரு
மேனி செழித்த தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
முத்தமிழ் மாமுனி நீள்வரையே - நின்று
மொய்ம்புறக் காக்குந் தமிழ்நாடு - செல்வம்
எத்தனையுண்டு புவிமீதே - அவை
யாவும் படைத்த தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
நீலத் திரைக்கட லோரத்திலே - நின்று
நித்தம் தவஞ்செய் குமரிஎல்லை -வட
மாலவன் குன்றம் இவற்றிடையே - புகழ்
மண்டிக் கிடக்குந் தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
கல்வி சிறந்த தமிழ்நாடு - புகழ்க்
கம்பன் பிறந்த தமிழ்நாடு - நல்ல
பல்விதமாயின சாத்திரத்தின் - மணம்
பாரெங்கும் வீசுந் தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
வள்ளுவன் தன்னை உலகினுக்கே - தந்து
வான்புகழ் கொண்ட தமிழ்நாடு - நெஞ்சை
அள்ளும் சிலப்பதி காரமென்றோர் - மணி
யாரம் படைத்த தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
சிங்களம் புட்பகம் சாவக - மாதிய
தீவு பலவினுஞ் சென்றேறி - அங்கு
தங்கள் புலிக்கொடி மீன்கொடியும் - நின்று
சால்புறக் கண்டவர் தாய்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
விண்ணை யிடிக்கும் தலையிமயம் - எனும்
வெற்பை யடிக்கும் திறனுடையார் - சமர்
பண்ணிக் கலிங்கத் திருள்கெடுத்தார் - தமிழ்ப்
பார்த்திவர் நின்ற தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
சீன மிசிரம் யவனரகம் - இன்னும்
தேசம் பலவும் புகழ்வீசிக் - கலை
ஞானம் படைத் தொழில் வாணிபமும் - மிக
நன்று வளர்த்த தமிழ்நாடு (செந்தமிழ்)
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"Song on "Mother India" - 'Unity in Diversity'
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFrg...layer_embedded Courtesy: "En Uyir India" song from the album "Vande Matharam" - Music: E.J.Johnson, Lyric: Na.Muthukumar, Singer: Sathiya Pragash
https://youtu.be/0t-qE2wTshs "Vande Matharam" - a very beautiful Vocal by - "Amruta Suresh, and Abhirami Suresh, Keyboards - Ralfin Stephen & Flute - Suresh PR - Courtesy Ragavadevan - A Senior Member of Mayyam Hub, who introduced this Song for the first time to Mayyam Hub Website
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The caste system can only be abolished if the practice of arranged marriages is abandoned...
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